World of Industries

* James Hargreaves of England invented spinning Jenny in 1770, which could spin yarn faster and in large quantities.





* Richard Ark Wright introduced Roller spinning frame which could be operated by water power (water frame).






* Samuel Crompton, combined the properties of spinning jenny and water frame, and introduced a new machine called "Mule" which improved the production of yarn.





* In 1785 Cart Wright introduced a new Loom for weaving using water power.
* In 1793, Elli Witin introduced Contingen which could seprate cotton from seed.






* In 1769, James Watt invented Steam Engine, which brought a great revolution in the production of goods.
The knowledge of melting of Iron and making steel helped in making strong and powerful machines.

* In 1814 George Stevenson introduced a Cart run by steam power to transport coal from the mines to the sea ports. This was the begning of the present day railways.







* In 1830, the first train traveled from Liverpool to Manchester. The railway lines were laid through out the country. In America also railways were laid. In our country during the - royalty of Lord Dalhouie the first Railway line was laid. Dulhousie the then Governor-general encouraged the quick development of Railways. During Dalhousie's period the roadways to the extent of 2000 miles were laid. A grand trunk road was laid between Calcutta and Punjab on which a number of bridges
were constructed. Dalhousie Introduced Telegraph and cheap postage's in India.
For the convenience of journey canals were dug and bridges were built.

John Macadam started the system of building safer roads with stones.

Gradually Steamships, Motor cars, Air planes were invented.






* In the 19th century Rolland Paul introduced penny post card system to send message from place to place with lesser cost.







* Telegraph and Telephones brought unimaginable development in the field of communications. Upto 1830 England remained as the workshop of the world.







* The first railway line was laid between Bombay to Thane in 1853 Dulhousie the then Governer-general encouraged the quick development of Railways. During Dalhousie's period the roadways to the extent of 2000 miles were laid. A grand trunk road was laid between Calcutta and Punjab on which a number of bridges were constructed. Dalhousie introduced Telegraph and cheap postages in India.

INDIAN INDUSTRIES DURING BRITISH RULE


Before the British rule, India was self-sufficient in textile and Cotton products but during the British rule, India fell down to the position of importing cloth from England.

In the 19th century A.D. British government abolished the tarrif protection of Indian goods. The country was reduced to the position of supplier of raw material to British industries. In 1850 Jute mills were established in India but there was no economic development in the country. In the time of 1st World War some goods, acquired by the people were reduced in India. This gave some industrial progress in our country.

Textile and cloth industries were established. Consumer goods receieved high demand, on account of trade relation with British. During the period of war Indian industries were encouraged to produce goods. After the first world war industries in India took up the production of machines goods in preference to consumer goods. As such key industries like Iron, Steel, Textiles and Sugar Industries came under
tarrif protection.

During the second world war the industries in England, America and Japan were engaged in the production of war materials. At that time our industries increased the production of Consumer goods at a large scale and achieved great progress.

During the freedom struggle " Swadeshi " Movement in India was very much useful for the production of native goods, as the British goods were boycotted. A movement to protect the native goods and their indigenous industries, helped to keep up the country's economy.

After Independence our national government is taking keen interest in Agricultural and Industrial development through its own five year plans.

BEGINNING OF MODERN INDUSTRY


A few modern industries were started in India in the half of 19th century but were mostly owned and controlled by British Companies. Eventhough some Indians owned Industries, they could not develop them because of the discouraging attitude of the government.

The Vandemataram movement started by the extremist Congress leader Bal Gangadhar tilak included the programme of boycott of foreign goods and production of Swadeshi goods. This gave an impetus to start modern industries in India. During the two World Wars the British imports to India were not sufficient to meet the Indian demand.

Indigo was grown in Bengal and Bihar. It has great demand in England for their textile Industry as dyes were manufactured from Indigo. But by the end of the 19th century Indigo lost its market as synthetic dyes which cheeaper and durable were introduced. Tea also was exported to England in 19yh century and tea was grown in Assam, Bengal and South India. India topped in World Tea Market by the beginning of 20th century. Tea, Coffee, Cinchona and Rubber were exported to England.

The first Cotton mill was started in Bombay in 1853 and Textile Industry made a steady progress. In the first decade of 20th century India ranked fourth among textile producing countries. These cotton mills were established at Ahmedabad and Bombay. Indian Jute mills enjoyed the position of monoply till the end of 19th century.

In 1845 work in coal mines began in India. Coal was an important source of power in all industreies. Coal was largely available in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. As modern industries required Iron and Steel also, the famous Tata Iron and Steel Company was established in Jamshedpur in 1905. Later smaller Iron insudtries were founded in Bengal and Mysore. Consequently engineering industries also were devloped.


Cement and Sugar industry began to develop by 1930. However machines were imported only from England for these industries. On the whole the British policies kept Indian capital under check while British capital played a dominating role.